RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
Breathing/swallowing coordination
- Overview of systems – anatomy/physiology
- Breathing/Swallow coordination
- Coordination and aspiration
- Airway protective mechanisms
- Reflexive cough
GASTROESOPHAGEAL SYSTEMS
The impact on feeding and swallowing
- Esophageal function
- Digestive functions
- Reflux mechanisms
- When does GER become GERD?
- GERD signs and symptoms
- GERD and feeding/swallowing difficulties
- Esophageal/Pharyngeal inter-relationships
GI/RESPIRATORY RELATIONSHIPS
What’s the connection?
- Pressure, energy, and innervation
- Extra-esophageal reflux
ASPIRATION
How much is too much?
- Pulmonary Clearance Mechanisms
- Predictors of pneumonia in various populations
RESPIRATORY DISEASE PROCESSES
The impact on feeding/swallowing
- Pediatric:
- Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
- Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
- Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)
- Congenital Heart defects
- Adult:
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and dysphagia
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Obstructive Conditions
- Restrictive Conditions
PNEUMONIAS
It’s not all aspiration
- Pneumonia vs Pneumonitis
- Community Acquired Pneumonia
- Healthcare Acquired Pneumonia
- Aspiration Pneumonia
AIRWAY MANAGEMENT
What’s the impact on swallowing?
- Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
- High flow nasal cannula
- Intubation
- Tracheostomies
ASPIRATION ASSESSMENT
Clinical Assessment – Making the Most of your Bedside Eval
- Cognitive assessment
- Pitch elevation
- Serial swallows
- Oral mechanism
- Respiratory factors
- Cough
- Respiratory muscle strength
- 3 oz water tests
- Understanding lab values
- Pulse Oximetry
Instrumental assessment – Which type and when?
- Modified Barium Swallow studies
- Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing
ASPIRATION MANAGEMENT
Diet modifications – Not such a benign intervention
- Implications of dietary changes
- Compliance issues
- Thick liquids – pros and cons
- Water protocols
Strategies and Exercises – What does the evidence tell us?
- Compensation
- Sensory interventions
- Principles of exercise physiology
- Lingual strengthening
- Pharyngeal strengthening
- Expiratory muscle strength training
REFLUX ASSESSMENT
What do these tests tell me?
- Upper GI studies
- Ph Monitoring
- Esophagoscopy
- Scintigraphy
REFLUX MANAGEMENT
What’s the dysphagia clinician to do?
- Lifestyle modifications
- Positioning
- Diet modifications
- Medications
- Effects of acid suppression
- Surgical interventions
- New directions in reflux management